Abstract
Pakistan is an energy-resourceful country with vast and untapped renewable energy sources (RESs). The wind, solar, and biomass of the country are practically capable of ending a power sector collapse caused by demand-supply variances. A significant percentage of Pakistan’s population resides in rural areas. For rural population, the lack of connection to the mainstream of national development is a direct consequence of frequent power blackouts and, in certain cases, a lack of grid connection altogether. Lucrative features of smart grid are not fully incorporated into the power network yet, but policy-makers are paying attention to increase RES reliance. A comprehensive study describing the renewable energy potential of Pakistan is of importance. This research work attempts to present a collective summary of Pakistan’s renewable energy potential. A statistical analysis of the proposed and installed projects in various districts are presented. This paper elaborates the pressing needs of renewable energy integration for resolving Pakistan’s energy crisis. Renewable energy projects are acclaimed in this paper for affording higher living standards and better job opportunities than the fossil fuel based industry in Pakistan. Integrating RESs into the national portfolio is guaranteed to offer profound socio-economic benefits to Pakistan’s rural population.
Keywords
Biomass energy; geothermal energy; renewable energy source (RES); solar energy; smart grid; wind energy
Pakistan’s energy crisis is attributed to an ever-increasing population size, followed by consumers being subjected to frequent load shedding. A stable energy supply is crucial for the development of the social and economic fabric of the society. The task is feasible in terms of home-grown conventional energy reserves. Pakistan primarily relies on foreign imported fossil fuels to fulfill its energy demand, and expends approximately 20% in crude oil imports [
Pakistan has about 2.56% of the total worldwide population, and is the world’s sixth most populous country [

Fig.1 Power demand-supply trends of Pakistan.
Urban areas are frequently subjected to a regular 8 to 10 hours of load shedding, while the average load shedding in rural areas is 20 hours. The contribution of renewable energy sources (RESs) in power generation was reported to be less than 1% in 2010. However, the government seeks to ramp up RES contribution by 5% until the year 2030 [
A summary of Pakistan’s current energy resources is depicted in

Fig.2 Share of conventional sources for power generation in Pakistan.
Countries adopting RESs for power generation experience both positive and negative impacts. Even though RES adoption provides self-sufficiency of the energy, the country’s heavy reliance on fossil fuels shows that RESs are not sufficient to phase out fossil fuels entirely. Reference [
Reference [
All studies emphasized the need to develop alternative energy sources and challenges related to the implementation of alternative energy sources at the national level. Some research has been conducted at the regional level. Reference [
The main contributions of this paper are as follows:
1) A discussion of the energy crisis in Pakistan and its worsening impact on the social and economic fabric of the country is presented. Energy demand is far greater than the existing infrastructure of supply, and RES-based power generation is the ultimate solution to the problem.
2) A quantitative analysis of current and future RES power generation in Pakistan is presented at considerable length.
3) A comprehensive depiction of the dire need and status of implementing a smart grid (SG) in Pakistan is illustrated.
explored; ×: not explored; BA: bibliometric analysis; FP: future prospects; RDC: real-time data collection; TP: theoretical potential; GP: geographical potential; MP: market potential; TS: technical study; SA: statistical analysis; EI: ecological impact; CA: cost analysis; SEP: socio-economic potential; GPA: geo-political assessment; GT: global trends.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section II presents an overview of RESs in Pakistan along with strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis of its energy system. The status of SG implementation and suggestions for RET development are discussed in Section III. Finally, Section IV concludes the paper and provides future approaches.
According to an estimate, Pakistan is blessed with solar radiations of 5.5 Wh/

Fig.3 Pakistan’s RES potential.
The main reasons for the energy crisis in Pakistan are an imbalance in the energy mix, the non-utilization of numerous indigenous energy resources, a deficiency of investment in power, political instability, energy policy failure, and high energy production costs. Other crisis factors are political arguments over mega-energy projects, corruption by both producers and consumers, and an old transmission and distribution infrastructure [
Pakistan’s energy demand is predicted to increase at a rate of 9% until 2030. The government must attempt to organize, facilitate, and encourage all power generation technologies [
Numerous countries of the world are completely dependent on conventional energy sources, triggering a fast depletion of these sources. The utilization of these sources pollutes the environment due to the emission of harmful gas and waste production.

Fig.4 Taxonomy tree of conventional and non-conventional energy sources.
Pakistan has sixth largest coal reserves with total coal reserves of nearly 186 billion tons. The largest reserve of low-quality coal of about 175 billion tons is found in Thar, which has the capability to generate power of 50000 MW. Thar coal reserve has heating value of 6223 to 10288 Btu/lb, Jherruck and Lakhra have 106 and 244 million tons of coal, respectively. The main consumers of coal resources are the cement sector and the brick kiln industry. The share of the cement sector in the consumption of coal resources is 58%, and the share of the brick kiln industry is about 41% in 2012 [
The oil resources of Pakistan are about 27 million barrels. Daily oil production is about 66032 barrels. Thirteen companies are working to produce crude oil from 133 oil fields. The transportation and power sectors are the main consumers of petroleum products. The consumption of petroleum products by the transportation sector in 2010-2011 is 48.9%; by the power sector, 41.3%; and by the industrial sector, 7.1% [
The total natural gas reserves of Pakistan are about 282 trillion cubic feet (TCF). Daily natural gas production is about 4 billion cubic feet. Fifteen companies are working to produce gas from 190 gas fields, of which 44 are associated (a natural gas reservoir with petroleum deposits) and 146 are non-associated (a natural gas reservoir without crude oil deposits). The largest reserve of natural gas is found in Sui, with potential of about 12.7 TCF. The power sector is the largest consumer of gas in 2012-2013, consuming 27.5%; the industrial share is 22.6%, and the household share is about 23.2% [
The development and operation of nuclear power plants are the responsibility of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC). Table III depicts the information on the country’s nuclear plants [
The accessible potential and status of RESs in Pakistan are discussed in the following subsections.
Solar energy has a huge share in fulfilling worldwide energy demand with the least unfavorable environmental consequences. According to a solar map prepared by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Pakistan is the second highest area to receive solar irradiation [
The total estimated energy that can be generated from solar is 8084.72 TW. Bahawalpur has the maximum number of annual sunshine hours, an average of 3300 hours per year. The regions of Gilgit and Chitral receive the least amount of solar radiation, 2400 hours per year. The first solar generation plant went into operation in September 2016 in Bahawalpur with a potential to produce 400 MW of energy. The second phase of this project, with a generation capacity of 600 MW, went into operation in 2017. Details of projects under implementation, completed, or with a letter of intent (LOI) issued, are listed in Table V [
Pakistan is an agrarian country. Most people living in rural areas are deprived of electricity, and the maximum energy demand of every house is 50-100 W. The extension of transmission lines is impracticable and uneconomical for such a small load. Solar energy can help electrify these areas [
Annual surface flow rate of water in Pakistan is 145 million acre feet (MAF) [
Pakistan lies on the intersection of seismic-tectonic plates. Thus, the country has plentiful geothermal resources. The geo-pressurized system, the seismic-tectonic system, and the Neogene-Quaternary system are three environments where geothermal resources can be found. It is estimated that Pakistan can produce 240 GW of electrical energy from geothermal sources [
Numerous geysers, hot springs, and mud volcanoes are available, with temperatures ranging from 30 ℃ to 170 ℃. No locality has yet been introduced for the direct or indirect use of geothermal energy [
×: not explored; P: possible; NP: not possible; RCP: ranking cycle plant; BCP: binary cycle plant; TC: temperature category; ST: surface temperature; GR: geothermal resource; PPT: power plant type; IP: indirect applications; DP: direct applications; PPG: proposed power generation; CPG: current power generation.
Geothermal power plants can provide power grid support, as it produces constant output power because of its day-and-night availability. Both the private and public sectors of Pakistan should contribute to the practical implementation of geothermal power plants to overcome the energy crisis [
Wind is another significant source of RESs. The radiation and rotation of the earth affect the direction and speed of the air. The heat difference between the land and sea also affects wind flow. Consequently, the region that lies near water and coastal areas has more wind energy potential [
The Pakistan Meteorological Department has done surveys throughout the country to determine the potential of wind energy. After collecting data from 20 sites, the potential of wind energy was estimated, and it was found that a 9700 k
Table IX illustrates that 12.55% of total area of Sindh lies in an adequate-to-outstanding wind power class. Wind energy potential is about 88460 MW. Eighteen wind independent power projects (IPPs) received land from the Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) to implement wind production plants, and each plant will have a capacity of 50 MW. Eight IPPs have received licenses from the National Electric Power Regulation Authority (NEPRA), and four IPPs received tariffs from NEPRA [
The area of Baluchistan is over 347190 k
Table XII indicates that the Sindh province of Pakistan is suitable for the installation of wind energy projects [
Pakistan has self-sufficient biomass resources. Punjab province is capable of producing 15.777 TWh electricity annually from extra and accessible crop biomass of about 27.86 million tons [
Table XIII illustrates that the potentials of biogas in Pakistan and Punjab are about 27.5 million cubic meter
Initially, cooking was the only purpose of biogas plants. However, the commercial use of biogas has been advertised to farmers for the operation of tube wells. Biogas plants have been installed and are in operation at different sites of Sialkot, Jhang, and Narowal in Punjab [
In Pakistan, the average calorific value of MSW is 6.872 MJ/kg. The total energy generation in the capital cities of Pakistan from MSW are 13594 GWh per year. Table XIV demonstrates the calorific values of MSW and the related moisture contents, according to area classifications [
Tides originate from the gravitational forces between the earth and the astronomical bodies of our solar system. The current energy demand of the world will be successfully met if less than 0.1% of the energy in the oceans is converted into electricity. Delta creek areas of Pakistan have the capacity to produce approximately 900 MW energy from tidal currents. According to surveys by the National Institute of Oceanology (NIO), creeks that spread from Korangi Creek to Kajhar Creek near the Pakistan-India border have a great capacity for tidal energy. The value of the current velocity recorded at these creeks is from 4 to 5 knots, but can be as high as 8 knots. The heights of tidal waves are from 2 to 5 meters. The Kalmat Khor and Sonmiani Hor creeks of Baluchistan are considered as good sources of tidal energy in Pakistan [
Waves result from wind action on ocean surfaces, and wind is, in turn, caused by the heat of the sun [
The emission of air pollutant gases can be controlled by the implementation of waste heat power plants (WHPPs). WHPPs are green energy producers and minimize overall environmental pollution [
An SWOT analysis is a common practice used by both industry and academia for strategic planning purposes. It highlights the strengths and weaknesses of a fundamental energy system. Moreover, it explores the opportunities for investment, and the probable threats of delay in achieving the target. An SWOT analysis will help propose actions and measures that can be recommended for the roadmap. The major outcomes of an SWOT analysis of Pakistan’s energy system are depicted in

Fig.5 SWOT analysis of Pakistan’s energy system.
The social and economic development of any country is estimated from its energy utilization. Pakistan is unable to tackle its increasing energy demands due to the limited number of explored energy sources. Consequently, most people in the country are deprived of the electricity. The existing power infrastructure depends heavily on hydro power generation.
Moreover, fossil fuel based power generation is unreliable due to the power demand that is increasing day by day. Pakistan is thus trying to exploit indigenous energy sources of solar, wind, and biomass on a commercial scale. The SG needs to be introduced to overcome transmission and distribution challenges and losses [
The SG is not in full operation in Pakistan, but power generation from RESs is in practice. Moreover, NEPRA issued smart meters and tariff guidelines in 2015 for the electricity demand of consumers. Consumers can sell their surplus electricity back to the grid by generating their own energy from solar or biomass resources. Smart meters record electricity flow both in and out, and only the net amount is charged. The incentive of selling surplus electricity to the grid motivates people to generate their own electricity utilizing RESs. Electricity crises can be handled in this way. Smart meters record various electrical parameters in different time slots ranging from minutes to hours. Recorded data gives a proper understanding of load consumption and a more thorough picture of particular event occurrences. Lately, most of Pakistan’s traditional power system relies on manual energy meter reading. Consequently, there is severe energy theft and much corruption in the recorded data. The flawed data leads to defective load consumption information, thus affecting on-demand management approaches.
The government is motivating people to install smart meters due to the meters’ credibility. Moreover, they can generate alarms in various monitored situations like identifying grid energy losses. Smart meters can store data, so it can be retrieved from the meter in case of poor communication. This feature is conspicuous for Pakistan’s energy theft issues. The load control feature of smart meters allows the energy generation side to meet peak demand. However, the available smart meters in Pakistan lack the control of individual loads, and the implementation of efficient demand response plans requires intervention by computers or human beings. Bidirectional energy flow measurement meters are installed mostly for industrial consumers. The government is planning to install prepaid energy meters. In this way, the timely identification and elimination of power theft and losses can be made possible by incorporating smart meters into the energy mix [
The implementation of SG is challenging due to the unreliable transmission network in Pakistan. SG can only be integrated in the main grid under the compatible and synchronized phase conditions and the constant voltage from distributed energy sources. The reliability of any transmission system is estimated by its duration and the number of outages. Pakistan’s power grid has encountered many unplanned and forced outages. Thus, attention is directed toward the integration of RETs in the energy mix. The aforementioned detailed description of RESs shows that distribution generation is the last resort to overcome declining energy economy of Pakistan [
The following suggestions are made for RET development and the effective utilization of RETs in Pakistan.
1) Ending the fossil fuel dependence of the economy and embracing renewable alternatives are daunting tasks. It is crucial to devise laws and policies to encourage investment in RETs. RET investment should be facilitated by energy policies that encourage tax rebates and financial leasing through banks.
2) Following international quality assurance standards is important during the project installation and operation of RETs. Public health safety is an important issue that merits devising proper security protocols and subsequent implementation.
3) The corruption is reportedly a major roadblock for RET promotion. Financing an RET project is as important as overseeing original capital utilization in a project. Ensuring the transparency of mechanisms at the governmental scale is a prerequisite for effectively monitoring and evaluating these projects.
4) Human resource development in the renewable energy domain is a necessity to prepare the next generation of engineers and scientists to undertake the associated challenges. Introducing renewable subjects at graduate or post-graduate levels and offering lucrative scholarships and stipends in renewable research are also important.
5) The government must benefit from international collaboration in RET research and development. No barrier has been reported on the transfer of technology (TOT) for RETs internationally. The only barrier is the lack of coordination, planning, and diplomatic drive to explore TOT possibilities.
The global drive to abandon fossil fuel based electricity and opt for renewable alternatives is imperative. The devastating environmental impact of the fossil fuel industry is a huge reason for the world to mount a concerted campaign for renewable alternatives. The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster was a watershed moment for the power industry to evaluate the ecological repercussions of producing unsafe electricity. Developed nations have accelerated the enterprise to tap as much of the renewable energy potential as feasible. China, Japan, the USA, and the European Union in particular lead on the renewable energy front. Denmark nearly eliminates foreign fuel imports by employing 100% wind-generated electricity, and Germany credits 30% of its electricity to renewable means.
Pakistan is a developing country, and a sustainable electricity supply plays a pivotal role for the economic growth of the country. Besides hydro power, fossil fuel-fired power plants are a major source of electricity generation. There is insufficient fuel in Pakistan, so electricity production exclusively relies on foreign imported fossil fuels. However, floods in 2010 and Kashmir earthquake in 2005 exposed the vulnerability of centralized power generation and distribution of the country after natural catastrophes. Pakistan’s nuclear power plants are situated on a seismic fault line and are threatened by a potential meltdown. The development of China-supplied nuclear plants near Karachi is capable of jeopardizing the health and safety of a coastal population of 20 million people. All these facts lead to a singular conclusion: a sustainable, decentralized, and secure power source is imperative for the collapsing energy infrastructure of the country. RES offers a promising future, considering Pakistan’s dynamic climate and geographical location. Hydro power projects serve as the second largest energy source of the country, after fossil fuel based power facilities. The coastal areas of the country possess a natural wind corridor with immense power production capability. The solar irradiation received by Bahawalpur region is sufficient to overcome the persistent energy deficit of the country. The national agenda of priority-based renewable energy generation is of paramount importance in overcoming the power deficit in the near future. This comprehensive review serves as an extensive guide for RES development in Pakistan’s energy context.
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