Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy

ISSN 2196-5625 CN 32-1884/TK

Bidding Method for EV Aggregators in Flexible Ramping Product Trading Market Considering Charging and Swapping Flexibility Aggregation
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1Key Laboratory of Control of Power Transmission and Conversion (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200240, China;2State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company, Shanghai, China;3Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

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This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52277110), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2023YFE0119800), and Soft Science Research Project of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (No. 25692109900). This research was supported by Qizhen Chen, Ke Zhang, and Jun Ke, to whom all authors express sincere gratitude.

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    Abstract:

    Flexible ramping product (FRP) trading has emerged as a highly effective solution to cope with the volatility and uncertainty introduced by the increasing integration of renewable energy sources. This paper proposes a bidding method for electric vehicle aggregators (EVAs) in the FRP trading market. To effectively articulate the spatiotemporal operational characteristics intrinsic to EVAs, a charging and swapping flexibility aggregation model is formulated. The model is developed by accurately simulating the charging and swapping demands of plug-in electric vehicles and battery-swapping electric vehicles in different charging modes. A novel bilevel optimization model is developed to address the conflicting objectives in the FRP trading market between the EVAs and electric vehicles (EVs), aiming to optimize the incentive prices and charging strategies. The upper level optimizes the bidding profits of EVAs, whereas the lower level models the EV charging behavior using the charging and swapping flexibility aggregation model. To solve the high computational complexity of the high-dimensional nonconvex optimization problem owing to the vast number of EVs, a data-driven evolutionary algorithm incorporated with a zebra optimization algorithm is adopted. Owing to the limited data available for training high-quality agent models in real scenarios, a semi-supervised learning-based tri-training algorithm is adopted to enhance the efficiency of data utilization. Case studies validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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History
  • Received:April 21,2025
  • Revised:July 20,2025
  • Adopted:
  • Online: March 30,2026
  • Published:
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