DOI:10.1007/s40565-016-0262-z |
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Controllability and stability of primary frequency controlfrom thermostatic loads with delays |
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Net amount: 1650 |
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Author:
Charalampos ZIRAS1, Evangelos VRETTOS2, Shi YOU1
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Author Affiliation:
1. Center for Electric Power and Energy, DTU, Lyngby,
Denmark;
2. Power Systems Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Foundation: |
EUDP funded project Ecogrid 2.0;
Nano-Tera.ch
for the HeatReserves project and of the Swiss Federal Office of
Energy and Swisselectric Research for the SmartGrid-Polysun:
Design Tool for Local Load Management project. |
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Abstract: |
There is an increasing interest in exploiting the
flexibility of loads to provide ancillary services to the grid.
In this paper we study how response delays and lockout
constraints affect the controllability of an aggregation of
refrigerators offering primary frequency control (PFC).
First we examine the effect of delays in PFC provision
from an aggregation of refrigerators, using a two-area
power system. We propose a framework to systematically
address frequency measurement and response delays and
we determine safe values for the total delays via simulations.
We introduce a controllability index to evaluate PFC
provision under lockout constraints of refrigerators compressors.
We conduct extensive simulations to study the
effects of measurement delay, ramping times, lockout
durations and rotational inertia on the controllability of the
aggregation and system stability. Finally, we discuss
solutions for offering reliable PFC provision from thermostatically
controlled loads under lockout constraints and
we propose a supervisory control to enhance the robustness
of their controllers. |
Keywords: |
Primary frequency control, Stability,
Controllability, Delay, Thermostatically controlled loads |
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Online Time:2017/01/09 |
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